Terraform is one of the top tools available on the market to use if you want to manage and implement infrastructure as code. Terraform does more than just configuration. The platform is capable of handling the entire orchestration runtime using declarative code instead of a procedural one. There is no need to go through a complex setup process either.
Terraform has a few aces up its sleeve, including its support for immutable infrastructure. You don’t have to destroy and rebuild every instance with the updates you push to the cloud. Persistent storage and other immutable resources can also be managed from within Terraform. As an added bonus, there are multiple ways to integrate Terraform into existing pipelines.
The real challenge is making sure that infrastructure as code remains secure, and that means managing strings, parameters, and more importantly secrets, meticulously. You cannot just display the credentials for your master user as username = user and password = pass. So, how can secrets be managed in Terraform?
Basic Principles
Before we get to how to best manage secrets in Terraform, there are a few basic principles that we need to get out of the way first, starting with the fact that you must never put secrets in your .tf files. This is a big no, regardless of how the secrets are added. .tf files can be made public, and that poses a serious security risk to the entire cloud infrastructure.
You must also avoid storing secrets as plain text. This too is something that many infrastructure administrators and developers still neglect. No matter how secure the source file may be, adding secrets as plain text creates a security hole you cannot always plug. This includes when secrets are stored in .tfvars file.
It is also worth mentioning that terminals that have accessed your repository may already have a copy of your secrets stored on a local hard drive. If you have stored secrets in your .tf files or used plain text before, the first thing you want to do is regenerate your keys. This ensures maximum safety. This step also needs to be completed if you use tools like Jenkins.
Securing Terraform
The next preparation to make is Terraform itself. You need to make sure that your Terraform instance is running securely, and that is done by making sure that your .tfstate files are not accessible. At the very least, you want to be very strict with who has access to .tfstate files. It is also recommended to encrypt these files and to manage your Terraform state more carefully.
The latter is actually very important. Services like S3 and GCS all support native encryption, but encryption alone is not enough if the .tfstate files are accessible from the outside. There are two ways you can isolate your state files, with the first one being isolation through workspaces. You simply specify a workspace so that the default one doesn’t get used all the time.
Another way to secure Terraform states is by isolating them using a suitable file layout. In essence, you create multiple environments for multiple files, allowing State files to be stored separately from production code and other resources. This too adds an extra layer of control and allows you to protect Terraform states better.
Managing Secrets: The Best Methods
Now that Terraform is secure and you are managing access to sensitive files carefully, it is now time to start securing secrets. There are multiple ways to secure secrets, but the most common one is by using variables to pass secrets. First, declare the variables that need to be passed on, and then configure Terraform to get secrets from those variables.
If you use var.username and var.password as your variable for username, then your Terraform configuration should display
resource "aws_db_instance" "example" { engine = "mysql" engine_version = "5.7" instance_class = "db.t2.micro" name = "securesecrets" # Set the secrets from variables username = var.username password = var.password } The export command will help you pass variables to Terraform, and you only need to add terraform apply to make sure the variables are used. You can then use password management tools like Pass or 1Password to store secrets as needed. You can integrate a good password management tool for automated secrets delivery too.
The second method is by using encryption to secure files. In many cases, this is an easier method to implement because service providers like Google and Amazon now provide built-in tools for managing secrets and encryption. You can, for instance, use AWS KMS to encrypt files containing your secret. The kms encrypt command will do most of the hard work for you.
Generate db-creds.yml.encrypted file with your secrets stored in them, and then provide sufficient access through YAML by adding yamldecode. Once configured, you can get secrets using strings such as local.db_creds.username, and you don’t have to store secrets as plain text ever again. Protecting the secrets is also a lot easier with the files available only to select users.
The only downside to this method is that you have to decrypt and encrypt secrets whenever you need to make changes. This is a price worth paying, especially since you should not be changing secrets that frequently. Tools like SOPS and Terragrunt make integrating secrets using this method easier too, plus you can be more flexible with the way files are stored.
The last method is using secret stores, which are tools designed specifically for storing secrets. AWS Secrets Manager is a good example of such tools. With Secrets Manager, you can even use the native IAM console to manage access in a granular way. Instead of using yamldecode, you now use jsondecode to integrate stored secrets with Terraform.
As long as you don’t store secrets as plain text, you take extra steps to secure Terraform, and you follow one of these three methods for managing secrets, you will never have to worry about your cloud infrastructure being compromised due to leaks. The methods we discussed earlier also make managing and updating secrets in the long run a lot easier, resulting in higher development and deployment efficiency.
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Mauricio Ashimine
